Bethel University Historical Development of Ancient Israel Questions Please see the below the questions below that I would like to have individually answer

Bethel University Historical Development of Ancient Israel Questions Please see the below the questions below that I would like to have individually answered. This assignment must consist of 1000+ words with 3 Scholarly Sources, the below reference must be used as one source. Please put the question number by the answer so that I know what answer goes with each question. **NO PLAGIARISM WHATSOEVER**Reference and 
1. What were the major stages in the historical development of ancient Israel?

2. How do written and material evidence combine to reveal the history of Israel?

3. What were the central teachings of Christianity?

4. How do written and material evidence reveal Christianity’s relationship to classical culture?

Textbook are below;

Matthews, R. T., Noble, T. F., & Platt, F. D. (2014). Experience humanities (8th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. S
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Christian Good Shepherd. Second century CE. Marble, ht. 39?. Vatican Museum.
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Judaism and the Rise of Christianity
6
Preview Questions
The Egyptians, Mesopotamians, Greeks, and Romans made
1. What were the major
stages in the historical
development of ancient
Israel?
significant and enduring contributions to the unfolding Western tradition.
2. How do written and
material evidence
combine to reveal
the history of Israel?
3. What were the
central teachings
of Christianity?
4. How do written and
material evidence
reveal Christianity’s
relationship to classical
culture?
At the height of their power, they were often identified by their political
and governmental structures—kingdoms, city-states, or empires—and
S
M
ern tradition has also been shaped and enriched by peoples who did not
I
establish kingdoms or empires, but whose ideas and beliefs have survived
T
to the present day. The first of these people were the Hebrews, the second,
H
early Christians. Henceforth,
the Western humanities constitutes a blend of
, of the Judeo-Christian traditions.
the Greco-Roman and
historians have described them in terms of their states. However, the West-
In comparison to their surrounding neighbors, the Hebrews were, indeed, small in number
A and exerted little political or economic dominance.
Yet they formulated
Dand preserved a unique religious experience and tradition that has been
Aactive and influential for nearly three thousand years.
The early Christians emerged in a Jewish milieu, spread across the Roman
M
world, and came to be the single official faith of the empire in the fourth
century CE.
2
0
kingdoms while Christianity, original in many ways, owed much to Juda0
ism and to its surrounding classical world. Their similarities and differ8
ences regarding depictions
of God can be seen in the image of the Good
Twere absolutely forbidden to depict their God. Early
Shepherd. Hebrews
Sthis Jewish prohibition, but soon began to circumvent
Christians inherited
Judaism, the religion of the Hebrews, was affected by nearby tribes and
this aversion by adopting symbolic images. The Good Shepherd clearly
represented Christ but certainly was not meant to be him. The image is a
metaphorical, not a physical, representation. The Hebrew scriptures often
refer to God as a shepherd, and the Christians, who retained those scriptures as the old Testament, frequently referred to Jesus Christ as a shepherd in their scriptures, the new Testament. The statue is of high quality.
Its patron is unknown but must have been a person of some standing and
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CHAPTER SIX: Judaism and the Rise of Christianity
Timeline 6.1
JEWISH CIVILIZATION
2000 BCE
1500
Hebrews in
Canaan
1250
Hebrews
in Egypt
1020
Hebrews
Return
to Canaan
926
United
Monarchy
586
Division of
Kingdom and
Wars with
Neighboring
Empires
Moses
substance to commission the work. The image is reminiscent of the works of Praxiteles, the renowned Greek
sculptor—in sum, a biblical image in classical form.
The Jews and the early Christians were also connected in their use of a common language—Greek.
The Jews adopted the Greek of the Hellenistic world
to communicate with one another after being scattered
by their political foes. Early Christians used Greek
from the start to disseminate their message across the
Roman Empire. Jewish and Christian writings reveal
evident borrowings of both words and ideas from their
surrounding world. Like the statue as a connection
of the two faiths, Judaism and Christianity speak old
words in a new world and new words in an old world.
JUDAISM
Judaism is one of the oldest religions in the world.
It originated in the third millennium BCE among a
tribal Middle Eastern people who placed themselves
at the center of world history and created sacred texts
for passing on their heritage. Unlike the history and
religion of other ancient peoples, the history and religion of the Jews are so inextricably connected that
they cannot be separated.
The People and Their Religion
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Around 2000 BCE, Akkadian rule collapsed and Babylonian power slowly emerged. Among many displaced tribes the Hebrews were the most significant
historically. Under their patriarch Abraham, the oldest
and most respected male leader, they migrated from
Sumer to the land of Canaan, which included parts of
what are now Israel and Lebanon. Abraham and his
people were primarily pastoralists but also engaged
in some trade (Timeline 6.1). The Hebrews considered
themselves unique, a belief based on the relationship
between Abraham and a supernatural being who
spoke to him and whom he obeyed. This deity made
a covenant, or solemn agreement (the outward sign of
which was the circumcision of all male children), with
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722 BCE
Assyrians
destroy
Israel
538
Babylonian
Captivity
Babylonians
conquer
Judah
168
Postexilic Period,
Reestablishment
of Jewish State
332 BCE
Alexander the
Great conquers
Judah
63
70 CE
MaccaRoman
bean
Rule in
KingJudea
dom
Romans
destroy
Jerusalem
Pompey
conquers Judah
Abraham to protect his family and bring prosperity
his offspring if they agreed to obey his divine comS to
mands. Although this Hebrew deity was associated
Mwith nature, he differed from other Mesopotamian
in his commitment to justice and righteousI deities
ness. He was an ethical god and sought to impose
T ethical principles on humans (Map 6.1).
H
Egypt, Exodus, and Moses The Hebrews pros, pered for decades in Canaan, but around 1500 BCE,
in a time of famine, a group migrated south into the
more prosperous Egypt, which had recently been overA run by the Hyksos, a Semitic people with whom the
D Hebrews shared language and cultural traits. The Hebrews thrived over the next few centuries, until the
A Egyptians overthrew the Hyksos and enslaved the
MHebrews. In about 1250 BCE, the extraordinary leader
Moses rallied the Hebrews and led them on the Exodus
from Egypt—one of the most significant events in Jew2 ish history. As the Hebrews wandered in the desert on
Sinai peninsula, Moses molded his followers into a
0 the
unified people under a set of ethical and societal laws,
0 which they believed were received from God. After
8 forty years of wandering, followed by Moses’s death,
the Hebrews finally returned to Canaan, the Promised
T Land pledged by Yahweh to their forefathers.
S The laws of Moses were unique among ancient
peoples because they were grounded in the covenant
between the Hebrews and God and because no distinction was made between religious and secular offenses. All crimes were seen as sins and all sins as
crimes. Those who committed crimes could not simply make reparation to their victims; they also had to
seek forgiveness from God. There were some crimes,
such as murder, that were so offensive to God that
they could not be forgiven by human beings alone.
Furthermore, human life was seen as sacred because it
was given by God, who created and owned all things;
individual humans were precious because they were
made in God’s image.
The core of Mosaic law was the Ten Commandments, which set forth the proper behavior of human
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Judaism
Learning Through Maps
TABLE 6.1 THE TEN COMMANDMENTS
ASIA MINOR
0
0
50
100 mi
200 km
100
CYPRUS
To Babylon
PHOENICIA
Mediterranean
Sea
Sidon
Damascus
Tyre
Sea of Galilee
ISRAEL
Samaria
Jordan River
Jericho
Jerusalem
JUDAH
Gaza
Dead Sea
Beer-sheba
To Egypt
EGYPT
SINAI
PENINSULA
The United Kingdom under David
and Solomon, ca. 1000 BCE
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1. You shall have no other gods before me.
2. You shall not make for yourself a graven
image, or any likeness of any thing that is in
heaven above, or that is on the earth beneath,
or that is in the water under the earth. . . .
3. You shall not take the name of the Lord your
God in vain. . . .
4. Observe the sabbath day, to keep it holy, as the
Lord your God commanded you. . . .
5. Honor your father and your mother. . . .
6. You shall not kill.
7. Neither shall you commit adultery.
8. Neither shall you steal.
9. Neither shall you bear false witness against
your neighbor.
10. Neither shall you covet your neighbor’s wife . . .
or anything that is your neighbor’s.
Source: The Bible, Revised Standard Version, Deuteronomy
5:6–21.
To Elath
ARABIAN DESERT
Trade route
MHS636.1
123 ANCIENT ISRAEL
MAP
A
D
A
M
mat76620_m0501.eps
This
Firstmap
proofshows the Hebrews’ ancient kingdom, known as the United
Monarchy, forged by the rulers David and his son Solomon. The map
also shows the kingdoms of Israel and Judah, the two Hebrew states
that emerged when the United Monarchy split on the death of Solomon,
in 926 BCE. 1. Locate the capitals of these two kingdoms. 2. How was
the cultural life and religious faith of the nation of Israel influenced by foreign
neighbors? 3. What impact did Israel’s size and location have on its history
and religious faith? 4. Notice the scale of the map and compare it to the
scale of Map 5.2, The Roman Empire under Hadrian.
beings (Table 6.1). The commandments became the basis of a renewed covenant. The Hebrew God tolerated
no rivals; he was seen as the sole, omnipotent creator
and ruler of the universe. If individuals followed his
laws and worshiped him alone, they would be rewarded, and if they strayed, they would be punished.
Likewise, if the people followed the divine commands,
they would prosper, and if they disobeyed, they would
meet with adversity. As the mediator of the covenant
between God and the Hebrew people, Moses played a
crucial role in shaping Judaism into a comprehensive
system of ethical monotheism, the belief that there is
only one God and that God demands a high standard
of personal and societal behavior.
mat76655_Ch06_128-149.indd 131
2
0
0
8Figure 6.1 Stone Menorah. Second century CE. Ht. 18?. Israel
Jerusalem. Although this particular menorah dates from the
TMuseum,
second century CE, the seven-branched candelabrum had been in use
symbol for centuries. According to Jewish beliefs, God
Sasgavea religious
Moses explicit instructions on how to craft the menorah, which was
made for the tabernacle, or house of prayer. Later the menorah came
to symbolize knowledge and understanding as well as the light of God
protecting the Jews.
As they wandered through the Sinai desert, the Hebrews carried with them a sacred decorated box called
the Ark of the Covenant. Within it were the stone tablets on which the Ten Commandments were carved.
Details of how to craft the Ark and all the other sacred
objects used in worship were dictated to Moses by God
(Figure 6.1). In the desert, the deity also revealed a new
name for himself—YHWH, a name so sacred that pious
Jews never speak or write it. In the Middle Ages, European scholars rendered YHWH as Jehovah, but today
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CHAPTER SIX: Judaism and the Rise of Christianity
TABLE 6.2 HISTORICAL STAGES OF THE TEMPLE IN JERUSALEM
NAME
CONSTRUCTION DETAILS
DATE DESTROYED
Solomon’s Temple. Also called
First Temple.
Completed under King Solomon,
957 BCE.
587/586 BCE, by the Babylonians.
Second Temple. Also called
Completed 515 BCE. Rebuilt at
Herod’s Temple after being
order of King Herod (d. 4 BCE)
rebuilt in 26 CE.
between 20 BCE and 26 CE.
70 CE, by the Romans. A section of the
Western Wall (also called the Wailing Wall)
survived; it was incorporated into the wall
around the Muslim Dome of the Rock and
al-Aqsa mosque in 691 CE.
this term is generally considered a false reading of the
sacred letters. In modern En­glish, YHWH is usually
rendered as Yahweh. In biblical times, Jewish priests
called the deity Adonai, the Semitic term for Lord.
S
MThe Kingdom of Israel In about 1000 BCE, the Heestablished a monarchy, and from the late elevI brews
enth century to the end of the tenth century BCE, the
T nation flourished under a series of kings—Saul, David,
H and Solomon. The people called themselves Hebrews to
distinguish themselves from others while others called
, them Israelites. The popular king David centralized the
government and shifted the economy away from herding and toward commerce, trade, and farming.
A Solomon, David’s son, brought the Hebrew, or IsraD elite, kingdom to its pinnacle of power and prestige.
He signed treaties with other states, expanded Israel’s
A trade across the Middle East, and raised the standard
Mof living for many of his subjects. He completed the
building of Jerusalem begun by David, which, with
its magnificent public structures and great temple,
2 rivaled the glory of other Middle Eastern cities. The
of Solomon, also known as the First Temple,
0 Temple
housed Israel’s holy relics, including the Ark of the
0 Covenant, and became the focal point of the nation’s
which required pilgrimages and rituals,
8 religion,
based on the religious calendar (Table 6.2; Figure 6.2).
T The Hebrew religion required ritual offerings (sacS rifices of animals on large altars and wine, incense,
and grain mixed with oil on small altars) twice daily.
These offerings were conducted by priests in the Temple in Jerusalem as a community ritual for the entire
Hebrew nation; individuals could also arrange for sacrifices to be made on their own behalf.
Figure 6.2 Horned Altar. Tenth century BCE. Carved limestone,
ht. 261/2?. The Oriental Institute of The University of Chicago. Middle
Eastern peoples made sacrifices to their deities on altars, but the small
horned altar, as pictured here, was unique to the Hebrews. Horned altars
are described in the Bible, especially as a ritual object in the Temple in
Jerusalem, built in the tenth century BCE. However, this horned altar was
discovered at Megiddo, one of the cities of the Hebrew kingdom. Originally,
then, sacrifices could be performed away from the Temple in Jerusalem.
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Judaism
133
northern and southern tribes. When Solomon died in
926 BCE, the tensions between the regions intensified
and the United Monarchy separated into two states:
Israel in the north, with its capital at Samaria, and Judah in the south, with its capital at Jerusalem.
During the period of the two Hebrew kingdoms,
a new type of religious leader, known as a prophet,
appeared. The prophets warned of the fatal consequences of breaking Yahweh’s commandments. They
also demanded social justice for the helpless and the
downtrodden. In the face of a widening gulf between
rich and poor, the prophets predicted that if the welloff did not aid the less fortunate, Yahweh would bring
down the evil rulers and, in the future, punish the
selfish and reward the sufferers. But the words of the
prophets, such as Hosea and Amos in Israel and Isaiah
and Jeremiah in Judah, seemed to go unheeded.
S
MThe Babylonian Captivity and the Postexilic
Period In 722 BCE, the tiny nation of Israel was deI stroyed
by the Assyrians. Judah, to the south, endured
Tfor another one hundred fifty years, but in 586 BCE,
Hthe Babylonians conquered Judah, destroying Solomon’s Temple in Jerusalem and deporting most of the
, Hebrews to Babylonia. The approximately forty years
Figure 6.3
Torah Scroll of the Pentateuch. Nuremberg, 1700–1751.
Johann Conrad Weiss. Ink on vellum, staves, wood with silver, cast
and engraved. The Jewish Museum, New York. The ancient Hebrews
recorded their scriptures on parchment scrolls. The scroll of the Pentateuch
was wound on two staves. The scrolls were not decorated or illuminated
with designs, animals, or humans because the Bible forbade any likeness
of Yahweh and artistic expressions were not encouraged. However, some
sacred books were illustrated and ornamented at various stages of Hebrew
history. The carved staves on which the Pentateuch was wound were
often embellished. Evidence exists that by the fifth century CE, the scrolls
might have been encased in a container of precious metal, and by the
fifteenth century, they were enclosed in containers adorned with reliefs
and Hebrew lettering.
King Solomon was a patron of literature and the
arts, and under his rule Hebrew culture expanded,
notably in law, writing, music, and dance. As the Hebrews’ oral traditions gave way to written records,
Hebrew authors wrote down their laws and their earliest histories, which are preserved in the first books
of the Bible (Figure 6.3). These Hebrew works predate by five centuries the writings of the great Greek
historians Herodotus and Thucydides, but, unlike
the Greek writers, the Hebrew historians made God
the central force in human history and thus transformed the unfolding of earthly events into a moral
drama portraying God’s relationship with his chosen
people.
Solomon’s achievements came at a heavy price, for
they undermined his people’s religious foundations,
intensified class divisions, and tended to divide the
mat76655_Ch06_128-149.indd 133
of exile, known as the Babylonian Captivity, became
one of the major turning points in Jewish history.
A At the end of the sixth century, the Jews ( Jew
Dcomes from Hebrew yehudi [yeh-HU-dee] meaning
“Judaean” via the Greek iudaios and Latin Judaeus; afAter the exile, Jew tended to displace both Israelite and
MHebrew) were freed by the triumphant Persians, who
were sweeping across the ancient world under Cyrus
(see Chapter 2). Returning to Judah, the Jews rebuilt
2Jerusalem including their Temple, now known as the
Temple. Believing that God had rescued them,
0Second
they established a theocratic state—a government ruled
0by those who are recognized as having special divine
and approval—and dedicated themselves to
8guidance
the correct formulation and observation of their reliTgious beliefs. Many exiles remained outside the homeSland and became known as Jews of the Diaspora, or
the Dispersion.
After their return from Babylon, the Jews expanded
their views of Yahweh. Some of them at least came to
view their faith as universal and not restricted to the
Jews. The Hebrews’ earlier perception of themselves
as a chosen people under a universal deity was reinforced as they concluded that Yahweh had used the
Persians to free them. Furthermore, the Jews started
to incorporate two new features into their religion:
eschatology, or the concern with the end of the world,
and an interest in apocalypse, prophecies about the
coming of God and a day of judgment. This future
world would be led by a Messiah, or Anointed One,
who would bring peace and justice to all. Perhaps
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CHAPTER SIX: JUdAISM And THE RISE oF CHRISTIAnITY
influenced by the dualism of Persian Zoroastrianism,
Jews began to differentiate heaven and hell as places
of reward and punishment.
The Hellenistic and Roman Periods
Figure 6.4 Model of the Reconstructed Second Temple (Herod’s
Temple) in Jerusalem. This model of the Second Temple shows the
strong influence of Hellenistic-style architecture, particularly in the
colonnaded arcades, the decorative frieze, and the tall, slender Corinthian
columns flanking the main entryway. The Second Temple was destroyed
by Roman legions in 70 CE, but one wall was left standing.
Alexander
the Great conquered Judah in 332 BCE, and after his
death the area became part of the Seleucid kingdom,
centered in Syria. Hellenistic culture and ideas proliferated and deeply affected Jewish life. Growing tensions
between the Jews and the Hellenistic leaders erupted
in 168 BCE when the Seleucid king Antiochus IV tried
to impose the worship of Greek gods on the Jews, placing a statue of Zeus in the Second Temple in Jerusalem.
Antiochus’s violation of the sacred place enraged the
Maccabean clan, whose inspired leadership and bravery led to a successful revolt and the recapture of the
Temple. The Maccabean family ruled Judah
S Second
as an independent commonwealth for approximately
Mone hundre…
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