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4-6 pages World Religions for Healthcare
Professionals
Religious beliefs and customs can significantly shape patients and professionals
attitudes toward, and expectations of, healthcare, as well as their wishes and personal boundaries regarding such daily matters as dress, diet, prayer, and touch.
Undoubtedly, the sensitivity with which clinicians communicate with patients and
make decisions regarding appropriate medical intervention can be greatly increased
by an understanding of religious as well as other forms of cultural diversity.
This second edition of a popular and established text offers healthcare students
and professionals a clear and concise overview of health beliefs and practices in
world religions, including Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Confucianism, Taoism,
Sikhism, Islam, Judaism, and Christianity. Adopting a consistent structure, each
chapter considers the demographic profile of the community, the religions historical development, and key beliefs and practices, including views regarding health
and sickness, death, and dying. Each chapter also ends with a useful checklist of
advice on what to do and what to avoid, along with recommendations for further
reading, both online and in print form.
The books clear and consistent style ensures that readers with little background
knowledge can find the information they need and assimilate it easily. A brand new
chapter on applications and a set of new case studies illustrating issues in clinical
practice enhance this wide-ranging books value to students and practitioners alike.
Siroj Sorajjakool has studied and taught world religions in university and healthcare settings for over 25 years. He is a professor in the School of Religion at Loma
Linda University.
Mark F. Carr has studied and taught in the areas of religion, theology, ethics, and
bioethics for over 20 years. He holds a clinical ethics and administrative position at
Providence Health and Services, Alaska.
Ernest J. Bursey has studied and taught in the areas of religion, theology, New
Testament, and healthcare for over 40 years. He teaches on these topics at the
Adventist University of Healthcare Sciences.
World Religions for
Healthcare Professionals
Second edition edited by
Siroj Sorajjakool, Mark F. Carr,
and Ernest J. Bursey
Second edition published 2017
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
and by Routledge
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2017 Siroj Sorajjakool, Mark F. Carr, and Ernest J. Bursey
The right of the editors to be identified as the author of the editorial
material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been
asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright,
Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or
reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical,
or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including
photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or
retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks
or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and
explanation without intent to infringe.
First edition published by Routledge 2009.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Names: Sorajjakool, Siroj, editor. | Carr, Mark F., editor. | Bursey,
Ernest J., editor.
Title: World religions for healthcare professionals / [edited by] Siroj
Sorajjakool, Mark F. Carr, and Ernest J. Bursey.
Description: Second edition. | Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY :
Routledge, 2017. | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016043134| ISBN 9781138189133 (hbk.) |
ISBN 9781138189140 (pbk.) | ISBN 9781315641775 (ebk.)
Subjects: LCSH: MedicineReligious aspects. | Religions. | Cults. |
MESH: Religion and Medicine | Spirituality | Cultural Competency |
Patient Carepsychology | Professional-Patient Relations
Classification: LCC BL65.M4 W67 2017 | NLM BL 65.M4 | DDC
201/.661dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016043134
ISBN: 978-1-138-18913-3 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-138-18914-0 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-315-64177-5 (ebk)
Typeset in Sabon
by Wearset Ltd, Boldon, Tyne and Wear
Contents
Notes on contributors
Preface
Preface to the second edition
Foreword to the second edition
vii
xi
xiii
xv
W illiam J ohnsson
1 Introduction
1
E rnest J . B ursey
2 From conceptual to concrete
15
M ark F . C arr and G erald R . W inslow
3 American Indian religions
30
C arla G ober and R oy K im
4 Hinduism
49
M anoj S hah and S iroj S orajjakool
5 Buddhism
66
S iroj S orajjakool and S upaporn N aewbood
6 Jainism
82
W hitny B raun
7 Chinese religions
98
K wang – H ee P ark
8 Sikhism
A r v ind M andair
114
vi?? Contents
9 Islam
133
H amid M a v ani
10 Judaism
153
D ouglas K ohn
11 Christianity
171
D a v id R . L arson
12 Recent religious movements in America
189
J ulius J . N am
Conclusion
211
Index
214
Contributors
Whitny Braun, PhD, is an assistant professor of ethics in the School of
Religion at Loma Linda University as well as a clinical bioethicist and
public health professional who specializes in the ethics of intercultural
engagement in the healthcare setting. She is also a contributor to the
Huffington Post and her work has been seen on the National Geographic Channel and heard on NPR. She was formerly the director of
the Center for Jain Studies at Claremont School of Theology and has
been active in the legal matter of the Jain death ritual of Sallekhana?
before the Indian courts.
Ernest J. Bursey, PhD, is professor of religion in the department of Health
and Biomedical Sciences at Adventist University of Health Sciences in
Orlando, Florida. He received his doctoral degree from Yale University
in the field of religious studies with a dissertation on exorcism in the
Gospel of Matthew. He has had a long academic career at Walla Walla
University where he served as dean of the School of Theology, and more
recently at Adventist University of Health Sciences where he teaches
undergraduate and graduate level courses in Spirituality and Healthcare,
World Religions, Bioethics, and Biblical Studies.
Mark F. Carr, PhD, served as professor of ethics in the School of Religion
at Loma Linda University and the theological co-director of the Center
for Christian Bioethics at the same institution. He received his doctoral
degree in religious ethics at the University of Virginia and wrote Passionate Deliberation: Emotion, Temperance, and the Care Ethic in Clinical Moral Deliberation (2001). After a brief time as chair of the
Humanities and Social Sciences Department at Kettering College in
Ohio, he now works in Anchorage, Alaska, where he serves as the
region director of ethics for Providence Health and Services.
Carla Gober, PhD, is director of the Center for Spiritual Life and Wholeness,
assistant vice president for spiritual life and an assistant professor at
Loma Linda University School of Religion. She holds bachelors degrees
in nursing and religion and masters degrees in public health education
viii?? Contributors
and marriage and family studies. She has worked as a marriage and
family counselor, a specialist in spiritual care and grief therapy, and a
health educator. She completed her doctorate in religious studies from
Emory University where her focus was in the area of attachment, memory,
and meaning.
Roy Kim, MD, is a staff physician at Riverside-San Bernardino County
(California) Indian Health, Inc. He graduated from Loma Linda University School of Medicine and completed his family medicine residency at
Florida Hospital in Orlando. He went on to a faculty development
fellowship at Emory Universitys department of family and preventive
medicine, at which time he also received his master of public health
degree from Emorys Rollins School of Public Health. He has worked
with the World Health Organization in Kosovo treating the Roma,
Ashkali, and Egyptian Gypsy population. He has also tended to patients
in Africa, Asia, Eastern Europe, and South America.
Douglas Kohn, MAHL, is senior rabbi of Congregation Emanu El in San
Bernardino, California. He received his graduate and rabbinic training
at Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion, culminating in
his ordination in 1987. Prior to his current post, he served as the rabbi
of Beth Tikvah Congregation in Hoffman Estate, Illinois, and assistant
and associate rabbi in synagogues in Buffalo and Baltimore. He has also
served as an adjunct instructor for Hilbert College in Hamburg, New
York. He is the editor of Life, Faith, and Cancer: Jewish Journeys
through Diagnosis (2008).
David R. Larson, DMin, PhD, is professor of religion at Loma Linda University School of Religion. His specialty is in ethics from a Christian
perspective, with a particular focus on bioethics. At Loma Linda University, he helped found the Center for Christian Bioethics, which has
grown to be an important resource in the discipline. He received his
DMin degree from Claremont School of Theology and PhD degree from
Claremont Graduate University. He edited Abortion: Ethical Issues and
Options (1992) and co-edited Christianity and Homosexuality: Some
Seventh-day Adventist Perspectives (2008).
Arvind Mandair, PhD, is endowed professor of Sikh studies at the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor where he holds the SBSC chair in Sikh
studies. He received his PhD in chemistry from Aston University in Birmingham, United Kingdom, and PhD in philosophy/Sikh studies from
the University of Warwick, also in the UK. He is the author of Religion
and the Specter of the West: Sikhism, India, Postcoloniality and the Politics of Translation (Columbia University Press, 2009). He is the founding co-editor of the journal Sikh Formations: Religion, Culture and
Theory, published by Routledge.
Contributors?? ix
Hamid Mavani, PhD, is assistant professor of Islamic studies at Claremont
Graduate University, School of Religion. He obtained his graduate
degrees from McGill University and received theological training from
the seminaries in Qum, Cairo, and Damascus. This has enabled him to
be an active contributor in both the academic and community discourses. His primary fields of interest include Islamic legal reform,
women and Shii law, Shii theology and political thought, Muslims in
America, Quranic studies, and contemporary developments in the
Muslim world.
Supaporn Naewbood, DrPH, is a lecturer in nursing at Narasuan University, Pitsanulok, Thailand, and a doctoral student in public health nursing at Mahidol University in Bangkok. She received her masters degree
in health education from Chulalongkorn University, her second masters
degree in community health nursing, and her DrPH from Mahidol University.
Julius J. Nam, PhD, JD, received his doctorate in religion from Andrews
University where he wrote a dissertation on the relationship between
Seventh-day Adventism and evangelical Protestantism in the United
States. He has taught at Loma Linda University and Pacific Union
College. He currently works for the US Department of Justice as an
assistant United States attorney in Los Angeles, California.
Kwang-Hee Park, PhD, OMDLAC, received her doctoral degree in theology and personality from Claremont School of Theology and her doctorate in oriental medicine and acupuncture from South Baylo University
in Orange County, California, where she worked as a researcher and
patient counselor in the research department. She currently teaches both
graduate courses in research, patient counseling, and psychology at
South Baylos department of Oriental medicine and herbology.
Manoj Shah, MD, is head of pediatrics gastroenterology division at Loma
Linda University Medical Center and associate professor of pediatrics at
Loma Linda University. He received his medical degree from Medical
College, Baroda University in Gujarati, India and completed his residency at Cardinal Glennon Childrens Hospital at St. Lukes Medical
Center. He also served as vice president for the Federation of Gujarati
Associations of North America, West Zone. He is the author of numerous peer-reviewed journal articles.
Siroj Sorajjakool, PhD, received his degree from Claremont School of
Theology in the field of personality and theology and currently serves as
professor of religion, psychology, and counseling at Loma Linda University. His research focus is on psychology among Asian religions.
Gerald Winslow, PhD, is the founding director of Loma Linda Universitys
Institute for Health Policy and Leadership, and a professor of religion in
x?? Contributors
the universitys School of Religion. Previously, he served LLU as dean of
the School of Religion, vice chancellor, and vice president for mission
and culture. He received his undergraduate education at Walla Walla
University and his masters degree at Andrews University. He earned his
doctorate from Graduate Theological Union in Berkeley. He has also
been a visiting scholar at Cambridge University, the University of Virginia, and the University of Tubingen. For over 40 years, he has specialized in teaching and writing about ethics, especially biomedical ethics.
His current work focuses on the intersections of social and health
policy. His books include Triage and Justice (University of California
Press) and Facing Limits (edited with James Walters; Westview Press).
His articles have appeared in academic journals such as Western Journal
of Medicine, Journal of Pediatrics, Hasting Center Report, Journal of
Medicine and Philosophy, and General Dentistry. He has presented
seminars and lectures at universities and for professional groups
throughout North America and in Australia, Europe, Russia, Africa,
and Asia. He serves as the chairperson for Stakeholder Healths
Advisory Council. He is also a member of the California Technology
Assessment Forum, a public forum for the evaluation of new healthcare
technologies. He has served as a consultant in biomedical ethics for
major healthcare systems and for research conducted by pharmaceutical
companies.
Preface
Teaching and publishing on the topic of world religions is not for the faint
of heart. It takes courage and a bit of careless abandonment. Take, for
instance, the idea that one can describe Hinduism in a single chapter a
religion that spans thousands of years, billions of adherents, and multiple
continents, languages, and people groups. The same can be said for Islam,
Christianity, Buddhism, Judaism, and so on.
Add to this the complexity of specific elements of each of these religions
that have special relevance for healthcare. This effort is multifaceted. First,
we seek to identify issues emerging from an authentic, lived-out, faith-
based perspective on life and health. In other words, our aim is to convey
information from within the religious context. Second, we must write and
offer this work for the reader. Readers have specific needs practical,
educational needs that our authors must address. Third, when considering
health beliefs and practices, it is difficult to make a clear distinction
between faith and cultural practice.
Despite these challenges, we enthusiastically offer the text that follows.
We are excited about it in part because we teach it and live it out in practice in the places we live and work. Most of the authors are, in fact,
involved daily in teaching and/or practice that is focused on religion and
healthcare. Faith-based healthcare institutions, both educational and
service-oriented facilities, are hard pressed to thrive in the current context
in North America. In a highly competitive and intensely difficult financial
context, there remain people committed to offering healthcare from a
faith-based perspective.
Regardless of the context from which you offer healthcare, providers
must also be purposeful in this day and age to attend to matters of religion. The religious diversity that healthcare providers face in the lives of
their patients is unprecedented in world history. North America is the most
religiously diverse culture ever to appear and our healthcare providers
must deal with this fact routinely.
We have assiduously approached this project from a non-partisan perspective. In other words, we are not offering this book for North American
Christians to learn more about non-Christians they may face as clients and
xii?? Preface
patients. Anyone who works in healthcare knows that as many, if not
more, of the healthcare providers in North America are non-Christians.
We do not need a book of the sort that looks toward the Other from a
Christian or any one privileged perspective to see what they believe and
who they are. The Hindu psychologist needs to know about Latter-day
Saints as much as Catholic nurses need to know about Buddhists. The
Muslim surgeon needs to know about Jehovahs Witness beliefs as much
as the Sikh pharmacist needs to know about her Jewish patient. The Shia
public health official needs to know more about the Sunni family who lives
just down the street.
We find these inter-religious conversations to be incredibly energizing
and useful. Useful to a society that celebrates its diversity. Useful to a community that purposefully seeks points of commonality while respecting
points of difference. We hope that you will also.
There is very little storytelling in this volume, with the one notable
exception of the chapter on American Indians. Although storytelling is
integral to all religion, we made an exception in our format for the chapter
on American Indians. The stories that will keep this volume alive in the
minds of our readers, however, are those that you will share with your colleagues, friends, and families about what you have learned by reading;
about what happened at work with this or that religious person or family
or nurse or doctor. With our first edition, weeks prior to our deadline, we
learned of a traditional Islamic practice of shaving the head of a newborn
baby. As we finalized content for this edition, we are once again struck by
a novel case of old believers from Russia here in America for three generations. Their death and burial rituals demanded they simply take their loved
ones body from the ICU to their vehicle for transport home.
Preface to the second edition
We added two chapters to this second edition (Chapter 2: From conceptual
to concrete and Chapter 6: Jainism). Besides these two chapters, Ernest J.
Bursey made meaningful modifications to Chapter 1 and case studies on
each religion have been added. In Chapter 2, Carr and Winslow offer a
chapter that describes the interaction and methodological realities of ethics
and religion/spirituality. Hospital-based clinical ethics in America (and
abroad) have developed standards of case consultation the reader should
know about. This need is based, in part, on the fact that ethics and religion
are as intertwined and complex as is the question of culture and religion.
And in the hospital context ethics have a direct bearing on how religion/
spirituality is lived out. This new chapter has a section focused on the
ethics of caregiverpatient interaction with specific regard to religion and
spirituality.
Additionally, Whitny Braun joins us with a chapter on Jainism. Dr.
Braun writes from both personal experience and scholarly expertise in
Jainism. Her work on Sallekhana?, a unique Jain ritual of fasting to death,
recently took her to India to participate in the ongoing battle before the
Supreme Court over the legality of the religious practice. Her research was
featured in the appeal to ove…
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